Grok 4AgMoDB | xAI | 5.0e26 FLOP | 3.0T | — | 2025-07-09 | Language,Multimodal,Vision |
GPT-4.5AgMoDB | OpenAI | 3.8e26 FLOP | — | — | 2025-02-27 | Language,Vision,Multimodal |
Grok 3AgMoDB | xAI | 3.5e26 FLOP | 3.0T | — | 2025-02-17 | Language,Vision,Multimodal |
Llama 4 Behemoth (preview) | Meta AI | 5.2e25 FLOP | 2.0T | — | 2025-04-05 | Multimodal,Language,Vision |
Gemini 1.0 UltraAgMoDB | Google DeepMind | 5.0e25 FLOP | — | — | 2023-12-06 | Multimodal,Language,Vision |
Llama Nemotron Ultra 253B | NVIDIA | 3.9e25 FLOP | 253.0B | — | 2025-03-18 | Language |
Llama 3.1-405BAgMoDB | Meta AI | 3.8e25 FLOP | 405.0B | — | 2024-07-23 | Language |
Grok-2AgMoDB | xAI | 3.0e25 FLOP | — | — | 2024-08-13 | Language,Vision,Multimodal |
Claude 3.5 SonnetAgMoDB | Anthropic | 2.7e25 FLOP | — | — | 2024-06-20 | Multimodal,Language,Vision |
GPT-4 (Jun 2023)AgMoDB | OpenAI | 2.1e25 FLOP | 1.8T | — | 2023-03-15 | Multimodal,Language,Vision |
GPT-4 (Mar 2023)AgMoDB | OpenAI | 2.1e25 FLOP | 1.8T | — | 2023-03-15 | Multimodal,Language,Vision |
Nemotron-4 340B | NVIDIA | 1.8e25 FLOP | 340.0B | — | 2024-06-14 | Language |
Inflection-2 | Inflection AI | 1.0e25 FLOP | — | — | 2023-11-22 | Language |
PaLM 2AgMoDB | Google | 7.3e24 FLOP | 340.0B | — | 2023-05-10 | Language |
Amazon Titan | Amazon | 4.8e24 FLOP | 200.0B | — | 2023-09-28 | Language,Image generation |
SenseChat | SenseTime | 3.9e24 FLOP | 180.0B | — | 2023-04-10 | Language |
Claude 2AgMoDB | Anthropic | 3.9e24 FLOP | — | — | 2023-07-11 | Language |
Falcon-180B | Technology Innovation Institute | 3.8e24 FLOP | 180.0B | — | 2023-09-06 | Language |
Minerva (540B) | Google | 2.7e24 FLOP | 540.4B | — | 2022-06-29 | Language |
GPT-3.5 (davinci-002)
AgMoDB | OpenAI | 2.6e24 FLOP | — | — | 2022-03-15 | Language |
Flan-PaLM 540B | Google | 2.5e24 FLOP | 540.0B | — | 2022-10-20 | Language |
U-PaLM (540B) | Google | 2.5e24 FLOP | 540.0B | — | 2022-10-20 | Language |
PaLM (540B)AgMoDB | Google Research | 2.5e24 FLOP | 540.4B | — | 2022-04-04 | Language |
FLAN 137B | Google Research | 2.0e24 FLOP | 137.0B | — | 2021-09-03 | Language |
EXAONE 1.0 | LG | 1.7e24 FLOP | 300.0B | — | 2021-12-14 | Multimodal,Language,Vision |
Wu Dao 2.0 | Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence / BAAI | 1.5e24 FLOP | 1.8T | — | 2021-05-31 | Multimodal,Language,Vision,Image generation |
ERNIE 3.0 Titan | Baidu,Peng Cheng Laboratory | 1.0e24 FLOP | 260.0B | — | 2021-12-23 | Language |
Megatron-Turing NLG 530B | Microsoft,NVIDIA | 8.6e23 FLOP | 530.0B | — | 2021-10-11 | Language |
Gopher (280B) | DeepMind | 6.3e23 FLOP | 280.0B | — | 2021-12-08 | Language |
Jurassic-1-Jumbo | AI21 Labs | 3.7e23 FLOP | 178.0B | — | 2021-08-11 | Language |
Yuan 1.0 | Inspur | 3.5e23 FLOP | 245.7B | — | 2021-10-12 | Language |
GPT-3 175B (davinci) | OpenAI | 3.1e23 FLOP | 174.6B | — | 2020-05-28 | Language |
HyperCLOVA 204B | NAVER | 2.0e23 FLOP | 204.0B | — | 2021-09-10 | Language |
Meena | Google Brain | 1.1e23 FLOP | 2.6B | — | 2020-01-28 | Language |
AlphaStar | DeepMind | 1.1e23 FLOP | 139.0M | — | 2019-10-30 | Games |
SwitchAgMoDB | Google | 8.2e22 FLOP | 1.6T | — | 2021-01-11 | Language |
mT5-XXL | Google,Google Research | 8.2e22 FLOP | 13.0B | — | 2020-10-20 | Language |
OpenAI Five | OpenAI | 6.7e22 FLOP | 159.0M | — | 2019-12-13 | Games |
GShard (dense) | Google | 4.8e22 FLOP | 2.3B | — | 2020-06-30 | Language |
T5-11B | Google | 3.3e22 FLOP | 11.0B | — | 2019-10-23 | Language |
iGPT-XL | OpenAI | 3.3e22 FLOP | 6.8B | — | 2020-06-17 | Vision,Image generation |
Noisy Student (L2) | Carnegie Mellon University (CMU),Google | 2.6e22 FLOP | 480.0M | — | 2019-11-11 | Vision |
Megatron-BERT | NVIDIA | 2.2e22 FLOP | 3.9B | — | 2019-09-17 | Language |
XLM-RoBERTa | Facebook AI | 2.1e22 FLOP | 550.0M | — | 2019-11-05 | Language |
Megatron-LM (8.3B) | NVIDIA | 9.1e21 FLOP | 8.3B | — | 2019-09-17 | Language |
T5-3B | Google | 9.0e21 FLOP | 2.8B | — | 2019-10-23 | Language |
ResNeXt-101 32x48d | Facebook | 8.7e21 FLOP | 829.0M | — | 2018-05-02 | Vision |
RoBERTa Large | Facebook,University of Washington | 8.5e21 FLOP | 355.0M | — | 2019-07-01 | Language |
GNMT | Google | 6.6e21 FLOP | 278.0M | — | 2016-09-26 | Language |
XLNet | Carnegie Mellon University (CMU),Google Brain | 6.2e21 FLOP | 340.0M | — | 2019-06-01 | Language |
GPT-2 (774M) | OpenAI | 5.0e21 FLOP | 774.0M | — | 2019-02-14 | Language |
Grover-Mega | University of Washington | 4.6e21 FLOP | 1.5B | — | 2019-05-29 | Language |
GPT-2 (355M) | OpenAI | 2.3e21 FLOP | 355.0M | — | 2019-02-14 | Language |
NASv3 (CIFAR-10) | Google Brain | 2.2e21 FLOP | 37.4M | — | 2016-11-05 | Vision |
AlphaGo Lee | DeepMind | 1.9e21 FLOP | — | — | 2016-01-27 | Games |
BigGAN-deep 512x512 | Heriot-Watt University,DeepMind | 1.8e21 FLOP | 112.7M | — | 2018-09-28 | Image generation |
JFT | Google Research,Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) | 8.4e20 FLOP | 44.7M | — | 2017-07-10 | Vision |
AlphaGo Zero | DeepMind | 6.5e20 FLOP | 46.4M | — | 2017-10-18 | Games |
OpenAI TI7 DOTA 1v1 | OpenAI | 6.0e20 FLOP | — | — | 2017-08-11 | Games |
Xception | Google | 4.4e20 FLOP | 22.9M | — | 2016-10-07 | Vision |
AlphaGo Fan | DeepMind | 3.8e20 FLOP | 8.2M | — | 2015-10-01 | Games |
SNM-skip | Google | 3.0e20 FLOP | 62.0B | — | 2014-12-03 | Language |
BIG LSTM+CNN INPUTS | Google Brain | 1.0e20 FLOP | 1.0B | — | 2016-02-11 | Language |
Inception v3 | Google,University College London (UCL) | 1.0e20 FLOP | 23.6M | — | 2015-12-02 | Vision |
Seq2Seq LSTM | Google | 5.6e19 FLOP | 1.9B | — | 2014-09-10 | Language |
DeepSpeech2 (English) | Baidu Research - Silicon Valley AI Lab | 2.6e19 FLOP | 38.0M | — | 2015-12-08 | Speech |
MSRA (C, PReLU) | Microsoft Research | 2.4e19 FLOP | 87.0M | — | 2015-02-06 | Vision |
SAF R-CNN | Beijing Institute of Technology,Sun Yat-sen University,Panasonic R&D,National University of Singapore | 1.2e19 FLOP | 138.0M | — | 2015-10-28 | Vision |
VGG16 | University of Oxford | 1.2e19 FLOP | 138.0M | — | 2014-09-04 | Vision |
VGG19 | University of Oxford | 1.1e19 FLOP | 144.0M | — | 2014-09-04 | Vision |
SPPNet | Microsoft,Xi’an Jiaotong University,University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) | 3.4e18 FLOP | — | — | 2014-06-18 | Vision |
DistBelief NNLM | Google | 2.6e18 FLOP | — | — | 2013-01-16 | Language |
RNNsearch-50* | Jacobs University Bremen,University of Montreal / Université de Montréal | 1.6e18 FLOP | — | — | 2014-09-01 | Language |
SB-LM | Google | 1.4e18 FLOP | 300.0B | — | 2007-06-22 | Language |
TransE | Universite de Technologie de Compiègne – CNRS,Google | 1.3e18 FLOP | 942.0M | — | 2013-12-05 | Language |
KN-LM | Google | 7.7e17 FLOP | 21.0B | — | 2007-06-22 | Language |
Unsupervised High-level Feature Learner | Google | 6.0e17 FLOP | 1.0B | — | 2012-07-12 | Vision |
Visualizing CNNs | New York University (NYU) | 5.3e17 FLOP | — | — | 2013-11-12 | Vision |
DNN EM segmentation | IDSIA,SUPSI | 4.8e17 FLOP | 218.9K | — | 2012-12-03 | Vision |
AlexNet | University of Toronto | 4.7e17 FLOP | 60.0M | — | 2012-09-30 | Vision |
Dropout (ImageNet) | University of Toronto | 2.7e17 FLOP | — | — | 2012-06-03 | Vision |
RNN LM | Johns Hopkins University | 5.4e16 FLOP | 70.3M | — | 2010-09-26 | Language |
CNN Committee (MNIST) | IDSIA | 5.2e16 FLOP | 120.6K | — | 2011-09-18 | Vision |
RNN 1000/5 + RT09 LM (NIST RT05) | Brno University of Technology,Johns Hopkins University | 5.0e16 FLOP | 77.0M | — | 2010-09-26 | Speech |
Deep Autoencoders | University of Toronto | 3.7e16 FLOP | 139.8M | — | 2011-04-29 | Vision |
KN5 LM + RNN 400/10 (WSJ) | Brno University of Technology,Johns Hopkins University | 1.7e16 FLOP | 22.2M | — | 2010-09-26 | Speech |
Neural LM | University of Montreal / Université de Montréal | 6.3e15 FLOP | 6.9M | — | 2000-11-28 | Language |
LCNP MNIST | | 4.2e15 FLOP | 11.6M | — | 2009-11-22 | Vision |
LCNP LabelMe | University of Bonn | 3.3e15 FLOP | 13.7M | — | 2009-11-22 | Vision |
LMICA | | 2.8e15 FLOP | 4.1M | — | 2004-12-01 | Vision |
NPLM (AP News) | University of Montreal / Université de Montréal | 1.7e15 FLOP | 11.9M | — | 2003-03-15 | Language |
SVM-CNN | New York University (NYU) | 7.5e14 FLOP | 90.9K | — | 2006-06-17 | Vision |
NPLM (Brown) | University of Montreal / Université de Montréal | 1.3e14 FLOP | 4.1M | — | 2003-03-15 | Language |
Hierarchical LM | | 1.2e14 FLOP | — | — | 2005-01-06 | Language |
Decision tree (classification) | Mitsubishi Electric Research Labs,Compaq CRL | 6.3e13 FLOP | 12.0K | — | 2001-12-08 | Vision |
PoE MNIST | University College London (UCL) | 5.2e13 FLOP | 3.9M | — | 2000-11-28 | Vision |
LSTM | Technical University of Munich | 3.2e13 FLOP | 10.5K | — | 1997-11-15 | Language |
Predictive Coding NN | Technical University of Munich | 1.9e13 FLOP | 206.9K | — | 1994-12-02 | Language |
TD-Gammon | IBM | 1.8e13 FLOP | 25.0K | — | 1992-05-01 | Games |
Siamese-TDNN | Bell Laboratories | 1.3e13 FLOP | 744 | — | 1993-08-01 | Vision |
RECONTRA-categorized | | 8.0e12 FLOP | 66.8K | — | 1999-06-02 | Language |
LeNet-5 | AT&T | 2.8e12 FLOP | 60.0K | — | 1998-11-01 | Vision |
Zip CNN | AT&T,Bell Laboratories | 1.5e12 FLOP | 9.8K | — | 1989-12-01 | Vision |
MUSIC perceptron | | 8.8e11 FLOP | 13.6K | — | 1996-06-03 | Vision |
NeuroChess | | 8.6e11 FLOP | 72.3K | — | 1994-12-02 | Games |
Handwritten digit recognition network | AT&T | 1.8e11 FLOP | 2.6K | — | 1989-11-27 | Vision |
SexNet compression | | 7.9e10 FLOP | 72.9K | — | 1990-10-01 | Vision |
Weight Decay | | 7.5e10 FLOP | 8.4K | — | 1991-12-02 | Speech |
NETtalk reimplementation | Oregon State University | 3.6e10 FLOP | 27.5K | — | 1990-06-01 | Speech |
NetTalk (transcription) | Princeton University | 2.8e10 FLOP | 18.6K | — | 1987-06-06 | Speech |
NetTalk (dictionary) | Princeton University | 2.8e10 FLOP | 18.6K | — | 1987-06-06 | Speech |
Invariant image recognition | Complutense University of Madrid | 2.7e10 FLOP | — | — | 1989-06-18 | Vision |
Translation-invariant MLP | Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) | 1.8e10 FLOP | 816 | — | 1987-06-15 | — |
Perceptron (1960) | Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory | 7.2e8 FLOP | 1.0K | — | 1960-03-30 | Vision |
MLP with back-propagation | University of California San Diego,Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) | 6.7e8 FLOP | 720 | — | 1986-10-01 | Mathematics |
Pandemonium (morse) | Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) | 6.0e8 FLOP | — | — | 1959-02-01 | Language |
Samuel Neural Checkers | IBM | 4.3e8 FLOP | 16 | — | 1959-07-01 | Games |
Distributed representation NN | Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) | 3.9e8 FLOP | 432 | — | 1986-08-15 | Other |
ASE+ACE | University of Massachusetts Amherst | 3.2e8 FLOP | 324 | — | 1983-09-01 | Robotics |
Neocognitron | NHK Broadcasting Science Research Laboratories | 2.7e8 FLOP | 1.1M | — | 1980-04-01 | Vision |
LTE speaker verification system | IBM | 1.1e8 FLOP | 2.1K | — | 1966-11-01 | Speech |
Print Recognition Logic | IBM | 2.3e7 FLOP | — | — | 1963-01-01 | Vision |
Linear Decision Functions | Bell Laboratories | 1.6e6 FLOP | — | — | 1962-06-01 | Mathematics |
Perceptron Mark I | Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory,Cornell University | 6.9e5 FLOP | 1.0K | — | 1957-01-01 | Other |
ADALINE | Stanford University | 6.6e3 FLOP | 17 | — | 1960-06-30 | Vision |
Theseus | Bell Laboratories | 4.0e1 FLOP | 40 | — | 1950-07-02 | Robotics |
GPT-4o (Jan 2025)AgMoDB | OpenAI | — | — | — | 2025-01-29 | Multimodal,Language,Audio,Speech,Vision |
GLM-4 (0116)AgMoDB | Z.ai (Zhipu AI) | — | — | — | 2024-01-17 | Language |
Gemini 1.5 ProAgMoDB | Google DeepMind | — | — | — | 2024-02-15 | Language,Multimodal |
GPT-4 Turbo (Nov 2023)AgMoDB | OpenAI | — | — | — | 2023-11-06 | Multimodal,Vision,Language,Image generation |
Claude 3 OpusAgMoDB | Anthropic | — | — | — | 2024-03-04 | Multimodal,Language,Vision |
GPT-4 Turbo (Apr 2024)AgMoDB | OpenAI | — | — | — | 2024-04-09 | Multimodal,Vision,Language,Image generation |
GPT-4o (Mar 2025)AgMoDB | OpenAI | — | — | — | 2025-03-27 | Multimodal,Language,Audio,Speech,Vision |
GPT-4oAgMoDB | OpenAI | — | — | — | 2024-05-13 | Multimodal,Language,Audio,Speech,Vision |
GPT-4o (Aug 2024)AgMoDB | OpenAI | — | — | — | 2024-08-06 | Multimodal,Language,Audio,Speech,Vision |
GLM-4-Plus | Z.ai (Zhipu AI) | — | — | — | 2024-08-29 | Language |
GPT-4o (Nov 2024)AgMoDB | OpenAI | — | — | — | 2024-11-20 | Multimodal,Language,Audio,Speech,Vision |